The article contains the analysis of the theoretical
and empirical researches of optimism/pessimism problem
(including philosophical, sociological and physiological approaches);
the research is carried out within the theory of the
integral individuality (system approach); contains actuality and
hypothesis of the research; the results of the factor analysis,
on the basis of which the differences in structures of the integral
individuality of optimists and pessimists are grounded,
are presented; the leading role of the general internality in
forming structures of the integral individuality of optimists and
pessimists is discovered; the article contains recommendations
for carrying out the forming experiment.

In the cultural-historical theory a teenage age
is characterized by intimate-personal dialogue with contemporaries
as a leading activity; by the occurrence of the feeling
of maturity; by the development of conceptual thinking; by the
consciousness development; by the sensitivity to the estimation
of associates and yourself. In the patrimonial family a
teenager becomes a subject-executor, but in the nuclear city
family a teenager is represented as a subject appraiser. The
estimation of objects is a component of the development of a
teenagers logic thinking and self-appraisal.

The Shteiners conception of education is revealed
in the article: its aims and tasks, main principles and
methods. Here the positive and weak aspects of the free upbringing
are presented. R. Shteiner makes objectives which
show the main point of cooperation - spiritual independence
in cultural life, democracy equality in public work and social
brotherhood in economic work. Future society must be built
in the system of new value of upbringing and education: their
role becomes determinative and topping. So the idea of social
reorganization with upbringing is completely modernized:
Shteiner connected it with the reorganization of society.

This article presents the results of gender differences
study in volitional regulation. The different characteristics
of volitional regulation in groups of male participants
(n=50) and female participants (n=50) at the age of 20 up
to 24 were compared. Significant differences in self-control
tendency and self-appraisals of several volitional traits (persistence,
enthusiasm, boldness, self-discipline, determination,
independence) between male participants and female
participants, between masculine and feminine women in
their self-appraisals of volitional traits (enthusiasm, boldness,
purposefulness, persistence), between women with different
volitional dispositions according to Yu. Kul in self-appraisals
of the most volitional traits were observed.

In the present article the forms and methods
of work with the family bringing up a disabled child are suggested.
An attempt to create an effective mechanism of social
and psychological assistance, which is a part of a complex
task - to help disabled children and to the members of their
families - is taken. Such forms of work as psychological
consultation of the family, the work of parents groups, psychological
help of educational character, and also additional
forms of work with the family (common parents meetings and
individual conversations, the attraction of the members of the
family to the organization of the holidays, performances and
other forms of leisure activities, the rest in the childrens integrated
camp, the work on creating a web-site) are considered
in the paper.

The problem of the research and management
of intergroup adaptation is considered from the point of view
of diversification of psychological knowledge received in another
field of social psychology. The results of empirical investigation
of intergroup adaptation of different subjects of
educational activity with the use of the concept «design of a
group» on the example of interaction of students-psychologists
of different specialities are given. The introduction of this
concept for the research management of intergroup adaptation
in the organization is grounded.

The article is dedicated to the investigation of
the fenomenon of special parenting with the new presence
of a disabled person in a family, looking at it from the point of
psychological trauma, family stress and crisis in general. It is
argued that psychological trauma of a parent and relatives of
the disabled child may be followed by the change of character
and dysadaptation processes in psychological and physical
health of all members: parents, siblings and grandparents of
the disabled. The scientific analysis was carried out concerning
the provision of psychological help to the family of the
disabled and qualifications of the therapist, who works with
such relatives.

The article is devoted to the empirical study of
the features of the gender conflict in military groups. Based on
the results of psychological research the analysis of the peculiarities
of satisfied needs and the algorithms of the behavior
of servicemen, depending on the dominance of the gender
development of the servicemen are investigated. In this paper
the authors approach to the calculating a numerical index
of the gender development of military the servicemen is proposed.
The comparative analysis showed that there are the
differences in the needs and in the ways to meet the needs,
depending on the dominance of the gender development of
servicemen.

The article is devoted to the study of the factors
of controllability of military units of the Armed Forces
of the Russian Federation. The basic scientific approaches
that address the phenomenon of controllability are defined:
cyber, technical, pedagogical, economic, sociological, sociopsychological;
social and psychological entity of handling unit
is determined, the main factors of the controllability of units,
including social and psychological: relationships, adaptation,
joint action and personality: authority and professionalism,
typical for each military unit are described.

In the article the results of empirical research
of interpersonal relations of employees of service collective,
criteria elected as way of estimation for the analysis are presented.
The changes, occurring last decades and touching all
spheres of our life, have caused the importance and necessity
of increase of an overall performance of the military organization;
especially it concerns the Kaliningrad region owing to
the unique arrangement and the status among other subjects
of the Russian Federation.
The author gives the data of interpersonal relations research,
obtained at the investigation of the military structural
divisions, according to them it is clear that there is a necessity
of the studying and the estimation of relations in labour collectives
for the purpose of the increase of efficiency of their
functioning. The technique developed by A.J.Antsupov is the
basic method of a socially-psychological estimation.

In the article the analysis of theoretical researches
of concepts competency / competence contains
and their differentiation is offered. Cognitive, speech, interactive
strategies are marked as the structural components of
the communicative competency of an expert of a fire service.
Considering communicative difficulties concerning the maintenance
of activity of an expert of a fire service, the types
of communicative difficulties are defined. On the basis of the
structure of the communicative competency and the revealed
features of the communicative interaction in extreme conditions
the substantial definition of concept «the communicative
competency of an expert of a fire service» has been made.

In modern conditions the problem of social and
intellectual development of teenagers is especially actual in
connection with the increase of the role of processes of information
and computerization in the structure of teenagers
leisure. There is an orientation on activity kinds (computer
game activity, the Internet) in which, owing to their specificity,
a real interaction and dialogue as leading type of activity of
the given age are reduced or transformed to other forms that
leads to formation of special types of understanding of social
situations. Results of empirical research of features of understanding
modern teenagers of social situations have shown
that the level of understanding of situations of interaction and
dialogue is connected with the features of a modern social
situation of the development, an inclusiveness of teenagers
in the sphere of social relations, the system of interests and
hobbies

In the article there is a theoretical justification of
the hypothesis of the pedagogical communication influence
on the schoolchildren emotional state during the learning
process. Using the observation and psychological consulting
at school psychology work, its revealed that for the positive
upbringing as well as schoolchildren personal development
its very important for the pedagogue to have a normal view
and idea about what is inadmissible in his work or what is half
admissible, and, on the contrary, what is desirable and has a
valuable result

The study of the formation of the sense presentations
about colour and shape in three groups of children
under school age, taught on different programmes, shows
unequal dynamics of their development. The carried out research
comes to the conclusion that the mentioned above
presentations are formed most successfully in the result of
fine arts activities of pupils. The given analysis of numerous
scientists who wrote about fine art activities showed, that
there is no a motivational component in the most part of them;
the programmes do not consider the organization of pupils
activity, his cognitive activity; there is no a detailed scheme of
an approximate plan of the activity in these programmes.

In the article the description of the authors
psychology-pedagogical concept of training the adults to a
healthy behavior is given. The urgency of the suggested concept
of training the adults to a healthy behavior is directed
by the fact that now there is no uniform concept of training
the given group, and the training of a healthy behavior is in
great demanded by both healthy adults and the adults having
problems with their health. At the characteristic of the concept
of training some peculiarities of its realization in a real
educational process, the role of the organization of training,
actual and adapted content of training are marked. In the article
special attention is given to a pedagogical dialogue of a
teacher and a taught adult, to a personality of a teacher. The
effectiveness of the psychology-pedagogical concept of training
the adults to a healthy behaviour has been confirmed by
the results of experimental research

Associations diagnostic method of cognitive
processes of schoolchildren was developed by A. Tsvetkov
in 2005 and test norms were obtained that year too. In 2009
retesting was processed by this paper authors in 10-year old
scholars to get alterations in test norms. Quantitative and
qualitative changes in the structure of childrens associative
reactions profile were revealed. Alterations in the public
health and educational programmes were used to interpret
the results.

The article is devoted to the influence of fiction
on personality formation (development). Fiction develops
learners personal qualities, affects their education in the
spirit of devotion to their country (motherland), to their nation
and to the perception of their own personality. Although the
educational influence of the fiction is conducted proximately,
the characters it creates are far superior to the direct
educational influence. The fiction reading develops learners
intellectual processes, enriches their mentality and actualizes
their abilities in ME-concept modification.

In the article the results of the experimental research
of the influence of polycultural educational environment
of school on the level of ethnic identity and tolerance of
schoolchildren are presented. The comparisons of the level
of ethnic identity and tolerance of children-migrant and children
of local dwellers in polycultural educational environment
depending on realization of the programme on optimization
of intergroup adaptation are considered and carried out. The
level of tolerance of teachers and teachers-psychologists is
analyzed. Correlations between ethnic identity and tolerance
and intergroup adaptation of schoolchildren in polycultural
educational environment are revealed.

The study of the formation of the sense presentations
about colour and shape in three groups of children
under school age, taught on different programmes, shows
unequal dynamics of their development. The carried out research
comes to the conclusion that the mentioned above
presentations are formed most successfully in the result of
fine arts activities of pupils. The given analysis of numerous
scientists who wrote about fine art activities showed, that
there is no a motivational component in the most part of them;
the programmes do not consider the organization of pupils
activity, his cognitive activity; there is no a detailed scheme of
an approximate plan of the activity in these programmes.

The purpose of the paper is to discuss the need
of creating the new psychological discipline - the psychology
of disability. The article considers socio-psychological
aspects, contributing to the origins of disability as well as emphasizes
age-related tasks of the development of the disabled
over the process of his/her life. Trajectory of personal
development of the disabled is also presented in the article;
peculiarities of the development of me-concept and identity of
disabled are considered from different methods and technics;
investigation into the aspects of dealing with disability and
looking at the illness in terms of formation of self-perception
of the disabled.

In the article the concept of the corporate image
and the basic approaches to its definition are considered.
The image of the organization is considered by the authors
as the existing in consciousness of people system of representations
(images) and the estimations the object which it is.
In the structure of the image of high school social, individually-
psychological and socially-psychological components are
marked.

The article is devoted to the possibilities of
systematization of methods of organization of educationalprofessional
activity by means of the investigation of the
mechanisms of its psychical regulation, based on the conception
suggested by O.V. Dashkevich. The analysis of the
main concepts of the organization of the educational process
in a foreign and native pedagogical psychology is carried
out in the present paper. The lack of their system and
structure and the ability to solve the problem of the basis of
natural structural ties of subjective level of the regulation of
educational activity, which are used more rationally in psycho
diagnostics, in individual work, in the construction of the
correctional-developing work, in the perfection of the system
of the organization of the educational-professional activity of
students are shown. The place of these organizational means
in the structure of the educational-professional activity in its
motivational, operational, resultative and examining-estimation
components is revealed.

The paper considers the phenomenon of successfulness
in professional activities based on the research
materials of domestic and foreign authors. The problem of
success in professional development of a psychologist, conditions,
determinants, and assessment criteria are analyzed.
The author identifies Specific prerequisites of the profession
(skills, personality traits), conditions (especially social situations,
specific professional activities), determinants (level of
formation of specific personal, social and professional competences
in different stages of professional development),
criteria for assessing the success (objective, subjective).
Prospects for further research of successfulness in the professional
development of psychologists are considered in
connection with the formation of psychological skills and professional
thinking.