Aim of this work was to identify the factors (combinations of factors) that hinder the development of adverse emotional states in people in a situation of forced self-isolation. Achievement of this goal is carried out by solving two interrelated tasks: assessing the influence of microsocial and economic factors on the emotional state of people who are in forced self-isolation and identifying the meaningful characteristics of the semantic space of the personality of people without signs of an unfavorable emotional state during the period of self-isolation. Procedure and Methods. The study consisted of several stages. Initially, the diagnostic capabilities of the questionnaire and semantic methods for assessing the severity of an unfavorable emotional state were considered, then, on the basis of a composite assessment of an unfavorable emotional state, groups of people living in the cities of St. Petersburg, Orenburg, Aktobe were compared. At the next stage, also based on the composite assessment of the emotional state of the respondents, the general sample was divided into two groups by means of cluster analysis using the k-nearest neighbors method. In empirically selected groups, a comparison was made of correlations between the concepts proposed for assessment by the method of semantic differential, as well as values for the factors of strength, assessment and activity in the ERA space. R. Lazarus’ coping test, semantic differential (the classic version by Ch. Osgood) and the author’s questionnaire were used as private psychodiagnostic techniques. Results. No significant differences were found between the groups of people living in different microsocial and economic conditions in the presence / absence of signs of an unfavorable emotional state, however, when comparing empirically selected groups, it was revealed that the semantic space of people with signs of an unfavorable emotional state has significant differences from that of people without a sign of an unfavorable emotional state. Research implications. The characteristics of attitudes towards factors that serve as the basis for measures to limit the usual social functioning of people have been identified.

Aim. To study the historical development of the concept of practical thinking by B.M. Teplov and its influence on the theory of thinking. Methodology. The study used the methods characteristic of the history of psychology: biographical, bibliographic, interviews. Results. The data obtained showed that the concept of practical thinking has a large unrealized resource: it has not found proper development either in military psychology or in domestic theories of thinking: general psychological and applied, professional ones. Research implications. The research results are promising for the intensification of scientific work in the field of practical intelligence, professional thinking and, which is especially important, professional psychological thinking (clinical, consultative).

Aim. To highlight the polarization features of attitudes based on recent studies Methodology. Relevant sources were selected; the methods of critical analysis, comparison and generalization were used. Results. Socio-demographic (inequality in education) and cognitive (the illusion of objectivity) factors of attitude polarization are described. The classification (institutional, effective, ideological and false) of attitudes polarization is given. The peculiarities of studying the polarization of attitudes (global, dangerous events; the political system of the country) are noted. The main promising areas of empirical research of polarization are highlighted (research in media sources, research of the Russian Federation). Research implications. The research results can be useful for studying various types of polarization of attitudes with the condition of the cultural and psychological context in Russia.

Aim. To determine the peculiarities of ideas about partnership in pre-marital and marital relations. Methodology. To select the indicators of partnership, a theoretical analysis of empirical studies of business partnerships was used, as well as the method of “Unfinished sentences”. To study the ideas about partnership in various forms of emotionally close relationships, the author’s questionnaire was used, which proposes to evaluate the significance of each selected indicator on a scale from 1 to 10. The study was conducted on groups of young people (18-35 years old) living in Moscow and Moscow region, including partners in unregistered marriage (N = 144); partners in registered marriage (N = 120); as well as those in relationship of regular meetings (without cohabitation) (N = 59). The total sample of the study was 323 people. Results. Both similarities and differences in the ideas about partnership between representatives of pre-marital and marital relations were revealed. The characteristics of ideas about partnership in each form of relationships are given. Research implications. The results of the research can be used by practicing psychologists in the field of family counseling, as well as be useful for understanding issues of emotional evaluation in pre-marital and marital relations.

Aim. To analyze the ways of constructing the image of an intractable intergroup conflict in the news discourse of Russian and Ukrainian media. The article presents the results of an empirical study of the intractable conflict image in the discourse of Russian and Ukrainian media. The literature data on approaches to the study of intractable conflicts are analyzed. The constructionist paradigm for the study of intractable conflicts is also described in detail. The necessity of analyzing media discourse as setting the context of public discussion around a conflict situation is substantiated. Methodology. The sample consisted of 42 articles from Russian and Ukrainian printed and online publications related to the conflict and was selected according to the popularity criterion. Critical discourse analysis was used as the main research method. The procedure of discourse analysis was carried out according to the procedural plan proposed by D.A. Khoroshilov. Results. It has been found that the news media discourse of both countries uses a well-established rhetorical repertoire, expressed in “labels” that set a stereotyped description of the conflict parties in the “aggressors-defenders” dichotomy. Attribution of the parties’ actions is characterized by the attribution of internal causes of actions to the “aggressor” side and external causes of actions to the “victim of aggression” side. The news media discourse of the Russian media is characterized by the gradual disappearance of alternative interpretations and the formation of a single, internally consistent position on the conflict, whereas in Ukrainian it was present from the very outset. Research implications. The obtained results contribute to the field of research of intractable intergroup conflict and confirm the importance of using the qualitative methodology for the study of conflict situations.

Aim. To analyze the correlation between ethnic identity, tolerance and authoritarianism among students of different nationalities studying in conditions of cross-cultural interaction. Methodology. The psychodiagnostic procedure was carried out using the following methods: “Types of ethnic identity” by G. U. Soldatova and S. V. Ryzhova; “Tolerance index” by G. U. Soldatova and others; F-scales by T. Adorno; the correlation analysis was performed according to Pearson’s r-criterion, the comparative one - by Student’s t-criterion. Results. It is stated that dominant types of ethnic identity were: “ethno-egoism” and “ethno-isolationism”; the type of “positive ethnic identity” turned out to be less formed, and the proportion of students with its low level was more than 50%. The average level of tolerance index with a tendency to a low (4.4 standard ten) and a low level of ethnic tolerance (3.2 standard ten) were established. A low level of authoritarianism was found, in the structure of which the component “superstition and stereotypy” dominates. When comparing the data of the group of “Russians” with the data of the group of the representatives of other nationalities, it was found that the groups are similar in terms of tolerance and all its structural components, as well as in types of ethnic identity, with the exception of “positive ethnic identity” and “ethnonihilism”, which are more expressed in the group of students of other nationalities. In the group of “Russians” the level of authoritarianism is significantly lower. A number of close agreements of the measured personality parameters have been revealed. Research implications. The results of the study reflect the level of development of three socio-psychological personality characteristics that can have strong influence on the nature of cross-cultural communication and social tension - ethnic identity, tolerance, authoritarianism. The results can be used to improve the educational process in universities and to prevent interethnic conflicts.

Aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of teaching humanitarian students in the context of COVID-19: comparing the effectiveness of the implementation of individual and collaborative search projects in the conditions of full-time and in distance learning. Methodology. The effectiveness of the training was assessed by an expert based on the results of the tasks of the search project. To diagnose interpersonal behavior of students, T. Leary’s test, in L.N. Sobchik’s adaptation, was used. Results. During distance learning in the conditions of COVID-19 quarantine restrictions the learning efficiency is significantly higher. In student collaborations the learning efficiency is higher compared to individual implementation of projects. In the context of distance learning in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic the interpersonal behavior of students is changing significantly: the desire for certain dominance in normal conditions is replaced by an orientation towards submission, while apathy and antipathy are replaced by friendliness. Research implications. The study results contribute to understanding the effectiveness of distance learning in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aim. To perform the comparative analysis of individual psychological characteristics of athletes of extreme and traditional sports. Methodology. The average personal profiles of young men engaged in extreme and traditional sports are compared. Sample composition (N = 60; 15-25 years old) is: athletes of extreme sports (N = 30), athletes of competitive sports (N = 30). Diagnostic technique: questionnaire 16PF by P. Cattell, questionnaire “Accent 2” by Mьller-Smisek, the method of color choices by M. Lusher. Results. Athletes who choose extreme sports find a number of distinctive individual psychological features that are not typical of athletes of traditional game sports: individualism, dominance, a tendency to ignore social conventions, eccentricity, straightforwardness, and dreaminess. At the same time, there is a certain similarity of individual psychological characteristics of athletes engaged in extreme and traditional game sports: cheerfulness, activity, extroversion, sympathetic neurotony, efficiency, courage, stress resistance, demonstrativeness, attachment to a small group. Neither similarities nor differences in the individual psychological characteristics of athletes in extreme and traditional sports can be explained from the perspective of a pathopsychological approach. Research implications. The obtained results contribute to the understanding of differences and similarities of individual-psychological features of sportsmen involved in extreme and traditional sports. The obtained results confirm the expediency of applying a norm-psychological and axiological approach in order to reveal the personal characteristics of athletes of extreme sports.

Aim. To study the features of the motivational sphere of specialists without basic pedagogical education to receive professional retraining in the field of pedagogy in the format of distance education. Methodology. In the process of writing the article, an analysis of the latest theoretical research in the field of motivation was carried out both for persons receiving pedagogical education at a university and within the framework of additional professional education. The questionnaire method, testing, analysis and interpretation of data through the methods of mathematical statistics were used. Results. New data on the features of the motivational sphere of persons undergoing professional retraining in pedagogical areas without basic pedagogical education have been obtained. These features are: the level of motivation, the level of achievements, setting immediate and long-term goals which differ among men and women. Research implications. The results of the study contribute to pedagogical, age and social psychology; expand understanding of the peculiarities of students’ motivation in the system of additional professional education and those who have chosen the path of a teacher for the first time. The results can be used in the development of courses and programs of additional professional education of pedagogical specialties.

Aim. Description of the features of the structure of work motivation (composition, interconnections of components and determination of the functional role of the components) of teachers of a preschool educational organization with different work experience. Methodology. The authors analyzed scientific works and empirical material on the study of the content and structure of the motivation of kindergarten teachers. Based on the application of the methodology of system genesis, a strategy for studying the structure of motivation of kindergarten teachers in the context of professional activity as a dynamic functional system of motives has been determined. 30 kindergarten teachers from the city of Kirov took part in the diagnostics which used the questionnaires of K. Zamfir and V. Gerbachevsky. The analysis of the results was carried out using the following mathematical methods: analysis of mean values, analysis of statistically significant differences, correlation analysis, analysis of psychological structure. Statistical data processing was carried out using the SPSS Statistics 27 software (IBM). Results. As a result of the study, the composition, relationships between components, dominant and basic motives in the structure of motivation of teachers of a preschool educational institution with work experience of up to 5 years, from 5 to 15 years and over 15 years were described. Based on the interpretation of the data obtained, the regularity of the changes occurring in motivation is shown, psychological ways of updating the motivation of educators are presented. Research implications. Revealing the features of the structure of motivation, dominant and basic motives of teachers of a preschool educational organization complements the scope of scientific ideas about the content, composition and structure of kindergarten teachers’ motivation, and also makes it possible to develop constructive strategies for maintaining the internal motives of the professional activities of educators with different experience.